Convert Frequency to Wavelength Worked Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to find the wavelength of light from the frequency. Frequency vs Wavelength The wavelength of light (or other waves) is the distance between subsequent crests, valleys, or other fixed points. The frequency is the number of waves that pass a given point in one second. Frequency and wavelength are related terms used to describe electromagnetic radiation or light. One simple equation is used to convert between them: frequency x wavelength speed of light ÃŽ » v c, when ÃŽ » is wavelength, v is frequency, and c is the speed of light so wavelength speed of light / frequency frequency speed of light / wavelength The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. The usual unit for frequency is Hertz or Hz, which is 1 oscillation per second. Wavelength is reported in units of distance, which often ranges from nanometers to meters. Conversions between frequency and wavelength most often involve wavelength in meters because thats how most people remember the speed of light in a vacuum. Key Takeaways: Frequency to Wavelength Conversion Frequency is how many waves pass a defined point per second. Wavelength is the distance between successive peaks or valleys of a wave.Frequency multiplied by wavelength equals the speed of light. So, if you know either the frequency or the wavelength you can calculate the other value. Frequency To Wavelength Conversion Problem The Aurora Borealis is a night display in the Northern latitudes caused by ionizing radiation interacting with the Earths magnetic field and the upper atmosphere. The distinctive green color is caused by the interaction of the radiation with oxygen and has a frequency of 5.38 x 1014 Hz. What is the wavelength of this light?Solution:The speed of light, c, is equal to the product of the wavelength, lamda;, and the frequency, ÃŽ ½.ThereforeÃŽ » c/ÃŽ ½ÃŽ » 3 x 108 m/sec/(5.38 x 1014 Hz)ÃŽ » 5.576 x 10-7 m1 nm 10-9 mÃŽ » 557.6 nmAnswer:The wavelength of the green light is 5.576 x 10-7 m or 557.6 nm.

The National Assembly - 1012 Words

On August 26, 1789, the National Assembly introduced the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen which proclaimed, â€Å"Liberty, property, security, and the right to resist to oppression†. The National Assembly had abolished feudalism and ended serfdom. It also took over church lands to pay off the national debt that France had acquired. This action alarmed many peasants who were devout Catholics. The National Assembly established civil equality among men and made more than half of the male population able to vote. Meanwhile, fear of royal troops started to spread, and many radical groups who wanted great changes started to form. The ancien regime had officially ended, and the National Assembly attempted to create a constitutional monarchy like England. They produced many changes and reform in France, and all was well until King Louis XIV, Marie Antoinette, and their family tried to escape the country for safety. The Flight to Varennes occurred in June, 1791. The royal family was eventually recognized and brought back to Paris. King Louis was now seen as a traitor and put under guarded arrest. The French Revolution brought new hope to other revolutionaries who had been defeated before. Other countries, like England, Germany, and Italy, who wanted change were inspired by the French Revolution. The National Assembly spent two years trying to create a new constitution for France. The new constitution was completed in September, 1791, and it was reluctantlyShow MoreRelatedThe People Of France And The National Assembly1388 Words   |  6 Pageshave endured many hardships as the result of several conflicting ideas being proposed about the National Assembly, our governing body, and its effectiveness in ruling our great nation. The people of France want structure, they want a sound government who will do right by them and will save them from starving with food and order. As our great Nation continues this struggle for power in the National Assembly, more and more rebellions have come to light. Just yesterday it was announced in the town’s squareRead More National Constituent Assembly Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pages To what extent did the reforms of the Constituent Assembly create discontent? The National Constituent Assembly solved some of Frances short term problems, but caused significant discontent due to its inability to resolve long term problems, that had been destroying France economically, politically and socially. There were some groups of society that were quite content with the reforms of the Constituent Assembly, such as a majority of the bourgeoisie, peasants who gained from the abolitionRead MoreNational Constituent Assembly1583 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent did the reforms of the Constituent Assembly create discontent? The National Constituent Assembly solved some of Frances short term problems, but caused significant discontent due to its inability to resolve long term problems, that had been destroying France economically, politically and socially. There were some groups of society that were quite content with the reforms of the Constituent Assembly, such as a majority of the bourgeoisie, peasants who gained from the abolitionRead MoreNational And State Assembly Elections In Nepal1123 Words   |  5 PagesWe have seen nothing like this in Nepal in the past. I am talking about the upcoming national and state assembly elections. These elections might make or break democracy.        Ã‚   The make part is easy to figure out. The elections will  officially end the long political transition,  convert the country  de facto  from a unitary state to federal, and  mark the endorsement of the Constitution 2015 by the Madheshi parties.  Ã‚   The Madheshi parties had refused to endorse the new constitution until their demandsRead MoreReflection On The French Revolution1033 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience and I would certainly play it again if given the opportunity. While the contextual information of the game did follow fairly closely to the history of France during the Revolution, some of the actions we took as characters in the National Assembly were mildly off from what actually occurred in real life. As an indeterminate character, I was able to play a bit of all sides, from the conservative side, to the Feuillant, and even a bit of the Jacobin. This position was what allowed me toRead MoreQualitative Results Of The Ncdmbs Financial Accountability1138 Words   |  5 Pagesother than the Ministry of Petroleum Resources and the National Assembly. This controversy seemed to be a result of different interpretations of the law. While the stakeholders were relying on the literal meaning of accountability in line with its s takeholder features, the board was relying on the customs and practices of public agencies in Nigeria where budgets and financial reports were allegedly said to be only disclosed to the House of Assembly. Although a stakeholder has suggested that the board’sRead MoreEssay on French Revolution and the Creation of the National Assembly 792 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution and the creation of the National Assembly Introduction The French Revolution was a critical era in the history of France and Europe that radically transformed the social and political aspects of the nation from the ancient monarchy system of government and feudal system, to the introduction of democracy. The French people drew their motivation from the American people who had already achieved the democratic institutions. As such, the Enlightenment age compelled individuals toRead MoreThe Role of Nigerian National Assembly in the Budget Process3201 Words   |  13 PagesTHE ROLE OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN THE BUDGET PROCESS A PAPER WRITTEN BY DANIEL OMOLEWA OGUNSOLA APRIL, 2009 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Balance of Budgetary Powers 5 4. The National Assembly in Nigeria’s Budget Process 7 4.1. Legal Framework 8 4.2. Institutional capacity 10 4.2.1 Effective Appropriation Committee Capacity 10 4.2.1 Establishment of a Budget Office 10 a. Journey So Far 11 b. Challenges 11 c. Prospects 11 4.3 Political WillRead MoreStrengthening Wales Institutional Capabilities1463 Words   |  6 Pagesthe importance of collaboration between service providers because it will force public bodies to work jointly and improve the public sector as a whole (National Assembly for Wales, 2013). This discussion about the delivery of public services has played a key role in changing the model of local government in Wales. According to the National Assembly for Wales (2013) local government in Wales has had four different systems throughout the years. The first one that remained in place until 1974 was basedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Arab Spring1322 Words   |  6 Pagesdecentralized government, a system where the people represented the people; a democracy.1 The people of France began to make a push for such equality, and in August of 1789, the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was put into place by the National Constituent Assembly, a step towards a constitution for France.2 France was also undergoing a significant change socially prior to the revolution. The wealthy members of the Third Estate began to form the revolutionary bourgeoisie, who by some accounts lead

Business Strategy Adopted by Ebay in the Evolution free essay sample

Discuss the business strategy adopted by eBay in the evolution of its internationalization efforts? eBay is an online peer to peer auctioning platform that allows people from all over the world to sell and trade goods. eBay was setup nearly 13 years ago and has seen its net revenues grow into the billions ever since. eBay acts an intermediary between sellers and buyers to provide a safe and secure environment for people to browse, buy or sell products that are new, used or hard to find. The system works just like a real auction where bids are placed on products, with the highest bid winning when the clock stops. Bay puts both parties in touch with each other without ever touching the product and when the deal has gone through, eBay takes between 7% and 18% of the sale price. Its business strategy is based on three pronged approach which encompasses an online community to buy and sell goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Strategy Adopted by Ebay in the Evolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Included within this is the security which it offers users, this piece of mind granted to users is brought about by another core-competency of eBay, which is cutting edge technology. This technology has granted ebay the opportunity to evolve its internationalization efforts over the past number of years. At the core of eBays business strategy is the sense of community among users whilst using the service. Users from all over the world (more then 150 countries) have to be able to converse and describe their products in their native language; otherwise the feeling of a global community will become nothing more then a regionalised and segregated market place. The process of adopting computer software to different languages and cultures has been a main goal of eBay and in 2004 its progress in this field became evident when it deployed software that could translate foreign language web-pages into English in less then 30 seconds. Since then eBay has been gradually upgrading its software with new features such as a vendor management tool, better search engines and more flexibility in applying local security policies. Since eBay realised that international markets have more then twice the amount of users as American market this strategy has become more focused on global markets with the advent of its cultural technology.

The Three Parenting Styles

Introduction Parenting is a stage of life that comes about when one gets children to bring up. It is natural and there are no manuals or rules to parenting as people just learn about it as they go. Though there are many ideas on how to bring up children some will be individual based, others from their own parents while others will adopt ideas from their friends. Parenting styles can be described as the ways parents use to parent their children (Aunola et al 217).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists have therefore established three different parenting styles that are used by parents either with or without their consent. The parenting styles, permissive, authoritative and authoritarian are usually based on the communication styles, disciplinary strategies as well as warmth and nurture. This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the three bas ic parenting styles used by most parents. Permissive Being permissive entirely means not being strict. This style of parenting is where the parents let their children to make decisions on their own. Most of the control is left in the hands of the children themselves, though the parents come in to make a few rules if any. Nevertheless, the rules made by the parents are not meant to tie down the children and are thus not consistently enforced (Then 1). Parents using this parenting style usually want to make their children to feel free. They also tend to accept their children’s behaviour and acts regardless whether they are good or bad. This is because they tend to feel unable to make them change hence choosing not to be involved with their children’s lives. Therefore, this parenting style is characterised by a lot of affection and warmth as the children are not subject to punishment no matter what they do. The good thing about this style is the fact that communication is always open and parents are able to discuss anything with their children. This parenting style has been described to be not the best as children require proper guidance as they grow and being left to choose what they want on their own could make them make the wrong decision which could affect their entire life. However, children who are critical thinkers may grow up being good decision makers as they have been exposed to such conditions before. Authoritarian This is the opposite of the permissive style of leadership. In this style the parents set up clear-cut rules and guidelines which are deemed to be followed by the children. The parents therefore expect their children to obey them or else get punished. Nurturing is very rare in this leadership as the children are rarely left free. The parents tell their children what to do and make decisions on their behalf without explaining to them (Then 1).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Parents using this style tend to focus more on the negatives rather than the positives such that a child who fails in school or wrongs is severely punished or scolded while the one who has exemplary passed is rarely praised. The children who grow up under this parenting style do not learn to think and do things on their own thus find it very difficult to make decisions later in life. This parenting style is mostly applicable to children who are very stubborn and need to be closely monitored. Authoritative This parenting style is also referred to as the democratic style as parents help their children to learn about themselves, being responsible for themselves and their behavioural consequences (Iannelli 1). This style is described as the best as it is a blend between permissive and authoritarian parenting styles. Parents using this style using set the necessary rules and enforces them while taking each situation as it comes. The democrat ic parents usually want to make their children understand why they are being punished because of unacceptable behaviour or breaking up of rules. It is because of this reason that punishment is usually discussed with the children before being implemented. As a matter of fact, parents and children work hand in hand thus ensuring that the children respect their parents while the parents do not oppress their children as well. Conflicts under this parenting are handled in a reasonable manner without hurting either party. Conclusion The parenting styles discussed above are applicable depending on the views people hold for each. Each of the three parenting styles has its own merits and demerits. In the permissive parenting style the parents have adequate time to do what they would wish to do since they are not constantly monitoring the children (Spera 2). Chances of separation in such a family are very high since people develop their own different lives. In the authoritarian parenting styl es children tend to be very respectful thus parents have low levels of stress. The democratic style on the other hand is very involving for the parents as they have to be on toes and talking with their children to keep the unity of the family. Works Cited Aunola, K., Nurmi, J.and, Stattin, H. â€Å"Parenting styles and adolescents achievement Strategies†.2002- Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222 Iannelli, Vincent. Parenting Styles. 2004- April 17, 2011. https://www.verywellfamily.com/types-of-parenting-styles-1095045Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Three Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spera, C. â€Å"A Review of the Relationship among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles and Adolescent School Achievement†. Educational Psychology Review, 17, 2, June. 2005. Then, Joseph. Three Basic Parenting Styles. 2011- April 17, 2011. https://ezinearticles.com/?Three-Basic-Parenting-Styles id=744499 This essay on The Three Parenting Styles was written and submitted by user Adrienne Potts to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

101 Naysayers and Annotated Bib Professor Ramos Blog

101 Naysayers and Annotated Bib Quick Write Quick Write What is activism? What are modern protests that you can think of? Gladwell â€Å"Small Change† Malcolm Gladwell â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† (399) Gladwell discusses the arguments promoting social media as a key component in social activism starting in paragraph 7. He says, â€Å"The new tools of social media have reinvented social activism. With Facebook and Twitter and the like, the traditional relationship between political authority and popular will has been upended, making it easier for the powerless to collaborate, coordinate, and give a voice to their concerns.† He discusses revolutions in Moldova and Iran and quotes a former senior State Department official who believes social media can be used to fight terrorism. He  brings up these opposing views (his â€Å"they say†) after an extended description of the Woolworth’s lunch counter sit-ins. He begins to refute these views in paragraph 8. 2/2/60 Greensboro, N.C.: A group of Negro students from North Carolina AT College, who were refused service at a luncheon counter reserved for white customers, staged a sit-down strike at the F.W. Woolworth store in Greensboro 2/2. Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson and Mark Martin are shown as they stayed seated throughout the day. The white woman at left came to the counter for lunch but decided not to sit down. Sit-in participants are bullied and have food and drinks dumped on them. Chp 6 Skeptics May Object Chapter 6 introduces a different sort of â€Å"they say†: the naysayer. The naysayer, or counterargument, appears after the conversation and after you have made some points. Including what the objections might be helps you make a more thorough point and adds credibility to the writing. Be careful to treat the objection carefully and fairly. Do not present a weak argument or a simplification of it because that can lead to a number of fallacies including the Strawman fallacy. The book offers suggestions for including the Naysayer or Skeptic. Anticipate Objections Entertain Objections in your own writing. Name the Naysayers. Introduce objections formally or informally Represent Objections Fairly Answer Objections Make concessions and stand your ground. Playing the Role of Naysayer We are going to be working in small groups. Before that, answer these questions. What is the topic or thesis of your research report? Have you anticipated the naysayers? List the people who have a say in your topic. In groups, take turns stating your topic or thesis. The other members will take the role of a naysayer and give their objections to the argument and give themselves a label. Audience you are writing for: Expert Novice Peer Annotated Bibliography An annotated bib is a works cited or references page with additional information added to each citation. You begin with the correct reference citation for your sources. For this assignment we will have at least five sources. Here is a good explanation of  citations in MLA. Explanation and example of an  Annotated Bibliography  from Cornell Example 2  Annotated Bibliography  from Purdue OWL Here is the format: Author(s). â€Å"Article Title.†Ã‚  Source, vol. #, no. #, season year, pp. xx-xx.  Database,  URL. Example: Kong, Les. â€Å"Business Sources for Education Majors.†Ã‚  Education Graduate Students Journal, vol. 75, no. 4, 2014, pp. 12-19.  JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/52506788. To each entry you will add the annotation, the paragraph or two that explains the source, why you are using it, and its reliability. Each professor you will have in the future may have specific guidelines for what to include in an annotated bibliographic entry. Always follow their instructions. For this assignment, you should include: Summary of Source, 2-4 sentences How you are using it in your report, 1-3 sentences Reliability of source, 1-3 sentences In total, you should have a short paragraph, 4-10 sentences, explaining the three points above. MLA Style We will be going over the 8th edition MLA citation Style. You can look under our  resources page  for MLA or APA guides. There are three things to consider for each style guide you use: Page Formatting In-Text Citations /References Page Here is a  Power Point presentation covering MLA style 8th edition  and the recent changes. Krikorian, Mark. â€Å"Two Immigration Priorities.†Ã‚  National Review, Dec, 2016, pp. 18-20, SIRS Issues Researcher,  www.sks.sirs.com. This article goes into detail on some of the other less talked about factors of the changes in how we deal with illegal immigrants under our new president and his policies. The author is the director of the Center for Immigration Studies so I assume he is a credible expert in immigration. I will use this source to get more specific in my critique of the border wall proposal. Krikorian, Mark. â€Å"Two Immigration Priorities.†Ã‚  National Review, Dec, 2016, pp. 18-20, SIRS Issues Researcher,  www.sks.sirs.com. This article goes into detail on some of the other less talked about factors of the changes in how we deal with illegal immigrants under our new president and his policies. The author is the director of the Center for Immigration Studies so I assume he is a credible expert in immigration. I will use this source to get more specific in my critique of the border wall proposal. In total, you should have a short paragraph, 4-10 sentences, explaining the three points above. Any questions before we move on? Creating Structure There are many different ways to structure a report. Decide on the final type of report you will be writing and we can begin to outline the structure. There are as many ways to organize a report and there are types of reports. Here are some examples: Organize by date, time, or sequence Organize by magnitude or order of importance Organize by division Organize by classification Organize by position, location, or space Organize by definition Organize by comparison/contrast Organize by thesis statement Organize by genre (Wikipedia, Encyclopedia, News Report) You do not have to develop your own structure from scratch, although you can. Look at examples of the type of report you are writing to help determine the structure for your report. Example: Look at a Wikipedia entry similar to your topic. How is it structured? What order do they present information? Quick Write How are you organizing your report?

Definition and Types of Interjections

Definition and Types of Interjections Interjections are words or phrases that express emotions. You might use an interjection to express surprise (Wow!), confusion (Huh?), or outrage (No!). You may use interjections in casual and in creative writing. You should not use interjections in formal writing, like book reports and research papers. You can use a noun, a verb, or an adverb as an interjection. Noun as an interjection: Foolishness! Your dog is not smarter than my dog! Verb as an interjection: Clap! He deserves some applause for that performance. Adverb as an interjection: Nope! You cannot go into that room until I give you permission. What Do Interjections Look Like? One word: Wow!Phrase: I’m shocked! List of Interjections Baloney! I don't agree with that! Cheers! Good tidings! Duh! That makes sense! Eureka! I found it! EEK! That's scary! Get out! I don't believe it! Golly! I'm amazed! Gee! Really? Huh? What was that? Incredible! That's amazing! Jinx! Bad luck! Ka-boom! Bang! Look! See that! My! Oh dear! Never! I hope that never happens. Oops! I've had an accident. Phooey! I don't believe it! Quit! Stop that! Rats! That's not good! Shoot! I don't like that! Tsk tsk! Shame on you! Ugh! Not good! Woot! Hurray! Wow! Amazing

Letter Of Appeal Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter Of Appeal - Personal Statement Example However, it has been a contributing factor in my poor GPA scores up until now. This feeling of homesickness was exacerbated by being taught in a language other than my mother tongue. While my proficiency in English is very good, using it rather than my native language in full-time discourse does, as I’m sure you understand, take quite some getting used to. The period of adjustment this necessitated obviously had a direct effect on my academic results, but I have since accelerated my studies in English, and have been reading much more material and working harder at mastering the language, so that my studies should not suffer in the future. All of these factors left me with feelings of confusion, and a lack of direction and motivation. Not knowing what my goals were, either academically or in terms of a career, certainly meant that I had difficulty focusing on the work in hand. However, I have since resolved to work as hard as I can in order to get everything I can out of the academic experience on offer at New Haven. a I have, furthermore, not always been in an emotional state conducive to productive study. I come from a very close-knit family, and in the time I have been in the United States, two uncles, both of whom had been prominent figures in my life as I was growing up, and who were very dear to me, have sadly passed away. The feeling of desolation that such a loss left me with was only worsened by being so far away from my family group at this time of personal crisis. Of course, I would not claim that any of these factors, as important as they have been in bringing about the current situation, are completely responsible. I am willing to acknowledge that I have been guilty of putting a distinct lack of effort into some areas of my work. Of this I am not proud. However, I am writing to you to appeal for a reconsideration of my case in light of all of the above. I want

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The advantages is that the more concerned managers are involved, the better the chances are of the budget being very much realistic in approach. These budgets are generally made at all levels but individually, rather than collectively. For instance, a salesman keeps a self imposed budget of, e.g. 5 units to be sold in a day.†¢Ã‚  Base Year Budget: It is the type of budgeting in which the previous year or any year for that matter is considered a standard, against which the expected (/wanted) performance is added to have a forecasted budget for the coming term. For example, considering 2006 as a base year, with all revenues and expenses expected to rise by 10%; the said percentage is multiplied across the board to attain the coming year budget or forecast.†¢Ã‚  Zero Based Budget: It is a derived form of the base year budget in which no base year is considered and the concerned manager is expected to justify each and every expense that he/she has stated in the forecast/budget. These are difficult to make, require extensive efforts and data gathering, since there is no base, the budget has to be prepared fro scratch.The users of budgets use these for different purposes; e.g. accountants use the information to check with variance for future better forecast, the heads check the contribution and performance of individual employees, the management checks the department working and profitability, while the owners view the over all big picture to visualize individual contributions and achievements.

Why ITT Tech students should not use this site Essay Example for Free

Why ITT Tech students should not use this site Essay If you are a student of ITT Tech and use this site I suggest that you read the plagiarism clause in your student handbooks. I am a adjunct professor at the school and use this site to catch my students teaching. By you using this site you are cheating yourself and risking failure / expulsion from the school. Any student who engages on or off the school’s premises in any of the following types of misconduct will be subject to discipline by the school, which may include, without limitation, the suspension and/or termination from one or more courses the student is taking or the student’s entire program of study at the school and the referral to the proper authorities. Any student who, prior to his or her enrollment at the school, has engaged in any of the following types of misconduct may be subject to discipline by the school, which may include, without limitation, the student’s suspension and/or termination from one or more courses the student is taking or the student’s entire program of study at the school. Section D: honesty, including, without limitation, provision of false information, alte ration or misuse of documents, plagiarism and other academic cheating, impersonation, misrepresentation or fraud.

Embodied Ideology Walpoles Expression Through Characters in Castle of

Embodied Ideology: Walpole's Expression Through Characters The description of the eighteenth century gothic as ?a confused and contradictory form, ambivalent or unsure about its own aims and implications? (Kilgour 5) is an entirely fitting one for Otranto - especially with regard to domestic and gender ideology. Valdine Clemens tells us that at the time of Otranto?s publication, ?cultural conditions [?] were highly repressive for women? (31). Women were vulnerable and defenseless, unable to exercise control in most areas of their lives. Men were allowed to control where their children went to school, where they worked, and to whom they got married ? all without any input from their mother. As well, it was much easier for a man to divorce his wife than for a woman to divorce her husband. Clemens cites Lawrence Stone to give us just such an example of the inequalities women had to suffer: [?] a Lady with numerous aristocratic connections sued for divorce from her husband, who ?had been unfaithful to her on their wedding night, had debauched all the maidservants in the house, had given his wife venereal disease, and was constantly drunk.? Her application was defeated after considerable parliamentary debate on the grounds that ?divorce by act of Parliament had traditionally been restricted to husbands, except when there were peculiarly aggravating circumstances like incest.? (34) Walpole?s novel can be seen as having a feminine bias and being subversive of these social norms. There is, however, evidence that supports a conservative ideology as well. This makes it particularly difficult to give a definitive answer to the long-debated question of whether or not Walpole was trying to be conservative or subversive of societal nor... ...ranto and subsequent revelation of authorship points to a conflicting desire to circulate and to not circulate his work at the same time. It is not improbable that Walpole was also unsure about what he wanted the implications of his novel to be. Like the incongruous and ambiguous nature of the gothic (discussed in IncongruousCorpus), Walpole himself was ?unsure about [his] own aims?, whatever his views on society were. Works Cited Clemens, Valdine. The Return of the Repressed: Gothic Horror from The Castle of Otranto to Alien. New York: SUNY P, 1999. Ellis, Kate Ferguson. The Contested Castle. Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1989. Kilgour, Maggie. The Rise of the Gothic Novel. London: Routledge, 1995. Marcie Frank. ?Horace Walpole?s Family Romances.? Modern Philology 100 (2003): 417-35. Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.

Illustrate the Fundamentals of Islamic Banking Essay

Introduction: This report seeks to give an analysis of Islamic Banking and an organisational comparison to a corporate Global banking system/western one whilst identifying key issues and challenges that may arise for the use of such Islamic banking in the United Kingdom. â€Å"Islamic banking is a growing sector with its diversity in different segments and spectrum. It Caters to religious Muslims in Muslim’s societies as well as in countries where Muslims are in a minority. In addition, it is a broad standard: non-Muslim individuals and communities that seek ethical financial solutions have also been attracted to Islamic banking. It is clear from banking practice that Islamic banking is equally popular in all communities†. (www.islamic-bank.com). The first Islamic bank was set up in the late 1960’s in Egypt to fulfil the needs of Muslims who wanted to bank but still live by Sharia law. An Islamic bank is not a religious institution but caters for the needs of the Muslim and is also appealing to non-Muslims who perceive Islamic banking as an alternative to commercial banking successful Islamic banks such as the Dubai Islamic Bank also known as (DIB) who opened in 1975 have set out a good public image for such choice of banking. Over recent years especially in the last decade Islamic banking has seen a rise in popularity and global development in western countries. Upon focusing on the UK The Islamic bank of Britain is United Kingdom’s mainly recognised sh’aria compliant organisation, Usmani, (2005) defines sha’ria compliance as ‘An act or activity that complies with the requirements of sha’riah Islamic law’. Islamic banking As already stated Islamic banking is based on Islamic Sha’riah Law which sets out the principles of all banking activities for such Islamic banks this means all banking activity must be sha’riah compliant, a significant characteristic of this means interest is prohibited not only is this mentioned in the holy Quran as having bad affects on society but the main concept of Islamic banking is set upon the foundations of profit-sharing instead of being ‘interest based’ which is referred to as (Riba in Islam) which is highly known in conventional western banks in the UK such as NatWest, Lloyds tsb, HSBC etc. In a western bank system money will be lent/loaned to a customer with no real interest shown or involved in the outcome or business of the customer obviously some risk assessment would be considered but not to the extent of which risk would be shared, Ridzwa, (2004) states the difference within Islamic banking is that â€Å"cash/loans will not be given to the customer, first of all they purchase the commodity and transfer to client then all profit and loss will be distributed between parties according to agreed terms and conditions†. As Islamic banking is based strictly on Islamic ethics and Quran practices Bown, (2005) states this also means loans/investing in projects or businesses that have ‘haram’ significance which means forbidden activity in the holy Quran will not be invested upon for instance places that plan on serving alcohol or promote gambling and sexual influences like nightclubs will not be agreed to investments. Upon analysing the financial side of Islamic banking the clear principle it is financially based on for its trading activity is ‘the risk/gain is shared upon the provider of the loan (bank) and the expertise of business idea (customer)’ IBB, (2010) by this both parties have a mutual agreement for the bank the money they are providing is being lent with a risk but also an agreement with the customer to share of any profits. The commercial law side of Islamic banking is actually based on four basic principles (Bellalah and Ellouz, 2004) claim â€Å"the fundamental of first Islamic business principle is profit and loss sharing and the second is based on fixed service fees and charges and third is based on free of cost and no charges. T e other principles are changing with the situation of the business and its operation.† Methods of Islamic banking Islamic banking has many different methods and Islamic approaches to what a conventional/western bank would give out a mortgage/loan. Dar and Presley, (2000) state that the key banking methods Islamic banks use are Ijara, Mudarabah, Murabahah and Musharakah. Ijara: Is a form of rental contracts mainly for goods/property mortgaging it involves the sale and the transfer of assets title to the customer lending at the end of Ijara. In a banking scenario the Islamic bank would buy a property lease it to a customer for a fixed price till the agreed price has been met through lease/ijara then the customer will become owner of such asset’s a rent contract by which the owner of the good rents it to another party can also be part of this. According to the (IBB) Nowadays the Home Finance and Islamic mortgage are based on the concept of Ijara and it is very successful tool in Islamic financial system and popular amongst non Muslims too who are ever increasingly using this type of finance. Mudarabah: khan, (1993) states this form of finance is mainly known as profit sharing and involves a type of partnership agreement between two sides in this scenario the bank and the person lending the money (customer) the bank will provide the funds and the customer will provide the business venture and idea however all profits will be shared amongst both parties with an agreed fee. It can also be said some characteristics of western banking are still slightly involved with this type of financing as the entrepreneur must guarantee full refund in case of contract breaching and negligence. Murabahah: This type of banking is referred to as cost plus/mark-up sale this involves a sale of which he buyer (customer) offers to purchase a commodity at a price equal to its cost to the seller plus an agreed profit margin. â€Å"It is a trust or a transparent sale in which the cost of acquiring the goods by the seller must be disclosed. The cost to the seller includes the price he had paid plus all other expenses. Payment of price can be made against the delivery of the goods sold or deferred as lump-sum or instalments† Islamic bank of Britain, (2010). Murabahah usually starts with the buyer signing a promise to purchase. The seller then acquires the goods and takes their possession. Finally, the buyer signs the Murabahah sale contract and receives the good in return for payment or an obligation to pay later. It is one of the most popular modes used in Islamic banking system in different countries to promote interest-free transactions. Musharakah: this method of banking is mainly for mortgages similar to the ijara method with slight differentiations both have forms of agreements from both parties but difference in this method rather than rent instalments covering the cost to have full ownership of a property or goods instalment payments will be for shares of the product/property which once fully covered will fulfil full ownership to the customer giving them 100% ownership. Comparison of Islamic banking to western/conventional banking It can be said that Islamic and conventional/western banking Islamic and traditional banking actually are not different in what they supply but to how they supply such services Shahin, Z, (2004). Islamic banking has the same features as western/conventional banking and provides the same services as conventional banking for example current accounts, saving accounts, insurances, mortgages and investment opportunities in the society. Upon comparing Islamic banking and conventional/western banking for example like the Islamic bank of Britain compared to Barclays bank there some evident differences not only is the main one being that of the sha’riah law principles that are followed by the Islamic banks which therefore means business approaches in forms of investments, responsibility and product features will all be based upon the Islamic faith and must stay within the limits of Islamic Law or the Sha’riah. However other key significant differences in the two types of banking are factors such as interest, taxation, risk/profit sharing and the restriction of investments. Comparison towards the use of interest within Islamic banks and western/conventional banks: Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the main fundamental function for a western/conventional bank it is a main source of profit making for major high street banks in the United Kingdom almost sometimes criticised for their high rates of such interest. However this is in contrast to Islamic banking where interest is forbidden and deemed as Riba’ but a more partnership approach is given to the customer and agreed payments with profit sharing agreements set upon the provider and lender. When comparing the two methods the main difference here is that western/conventional banks follow the principle that interest is the price of credit, therefore reflecting the opportunity cost of loaning the money. Whereas in Islamic banking the creditor (bank) should not take advantage of the person lending the money as this in Islam is perceived as injustice where the first Islamic principle underlying for such kind of transactions is â€Å"deal not unjustly, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly† [2:279], Holy Quran. Comparison of taxation and additional charges for Islamic banks and western/conventional banks: In the United Kingdom all organisations/businesses must pay tax commodities including Islamic banks and non Islamic banks however in Islamic banking such additional charges are approached with caution and compliance to sharia law and have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters. Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity which is known as ‘zakat’ claims often enough is welcomed by the Muslim population of customers as it is the Islamic term of charity. When comparing this type of additional zakat charge many western/conventional banks state this as normal VAT and APR charges which vary in price and cost from bank to bank it can be said for Islamic banking this type of charge still exists but named and dealt with differently in the form of zakat. Comparison of Risk sharing in Islamic banking and money loaning in a western/conventional bank: Islamic banking involves risk and profit sharing with the person lending the banks somewhat ‘forming a partnership feel with the customer’ Bhatti, I.M, (2008) which means Islamic banks are more involved with customer projects and pay greater attention in developing and appraising certain enterprises/projects where in comparison to western banks like Lloyds tsb where in a case study on Islamic and high street banks some customers who transferred from their branch over to Islamic bank of Britain branch stated â€Å"they felt the bank was only interested as seeing the customer as a debtor and themselves as the creditors†. When comparing the Western banks method of loaning/lending money such banks will often enough place a fixed rate of interest as part of the charge and will not really be as closely involved in the participation of the business venture as Islamic banks wou ld be due to the risk/profit sharing factor. Comparison on the restriction of investments for Islamic banking and western/conventional banking: as stated many of times throughout this report Islamic banking is strictly sha’riah compliant meaning all activities are in conjunction with Islam and the teachings of the Quran and the prophet Mohammed PBUH therefore all business investments/ventures must be deemed as ‘pure’ and accepted in the eyes of Islam for an Islamic bank to invest in Dixon, R. (1992) therefore any business proposals that are brought forward to an Islamic bank that consists of serving alcohol, promoting gambling and sexually influence will be strictly turned down. Where as in comparison to a western conventional bank plans will be accepted on the basis of good credit, business venture and the ability to pay back such fees. Challenges that Islamic banking may face within the United Kingdom: Islamic banking is becoming ever more popular in the United Kingdom with many non-Muslims also interested and joining the Islamic bank of Britain as customers but upon research and case study readings many people in Britain feel they don’t fully understand the concept of Islamic banking and that it should be made more user friendly for society. There is need to make a clear and transparent system of general as Islamic banking is in a transition development stage a key issue in Britain according to Khalaf (2007) Islamic banking industries have a barrier to overcome with the whole sha’riah law compliance being appealing to non-Muslims as many non Muslims can perceive this as influencing a ‘different law for a different country with a different religious view point’. Also opinions of Islamic scholars, suppose a product or practice may be accepted to one scholar, could be considered un-Islamic by another scholar. Malaysia has established a standard sha’riah board which is supported by government which in the united kingdom is not applicable and that the banks set these out themselves according to basic sha’riah compliance. (Khalaf, 2007) claims it is evident in Britain that Islamic banking faces many challenges with society and keeping up with such growth of western conventional banks due to its new growth in the UK market however with strong middle eastern financial backers such as Qatari national bank the Islamic bank of Britain is financially stable in this sense and that it is gaining more recognition amongst the Muslim popularity of Britain with many Muslim customers holding accounts with them but it can be stated a key challenge is the ‘Different beliefs in society make that some Islamic banking activity acceptable to one part of community and to others it is not’ . Conclusion Islamic banking in Britain now has great opportunity for growth as it offer certain benefits that conventional western banks do not put in place many Muslims feel this type of banking is relevant for their practice of religion whilst some may argue that costs such as interest also known as ‘Riba’ are still put in place just named and charged differently and then opt to carry on using such ‘western banks’ however it can be said great ethical value is taken into consideration in contrast to western banks and vulnerability and risk of business venture is shared and discussed which if western banks applied could see a great rise in popularity and custom however in the united kingdom the regulatory authority and structure of Islamic sha’ria practice can sometimes have setbacks for such Islamic banking activity as society may not accept this. Overall Islamic banking has great opportunity to grow because many numbers of muslims are residing in the united kingdom and there is a steady growth for such market, however it can be said if such rise of awareness and identity was put in place to market Islamic banking this could possibly promote it further and on the scale of such western banks. References: Bellalah, M. and Ellouz, S. (2004) Islamic Finance, Interest Rates and Islamic Banking Bokhari, F. (2007) Lloyds TSB spots growing appetite. Financial Times Bown, J. (2005) Islamic banking set to boom. Sunday Times Belder, R.T. and Khan, M.H. (1993) the changing faces of Islamic banking. International Financial Law Review Chris, Cook. (2006) is Islamic banking religiously sound? Financial Times Dixon, R. (1992) Islamic banking. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Hassan, M.K. (1999). Islamic banking in theory and practice: Haron, Sudin (1995) The Framework and concept of Islamic interest-free banking

Ralph Ellison’s novel “Invisible Man” Essay

For this assignment, you will be analyzing two more short stories, â€Å"Battle Royal† (which is the first chapter in Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man) and â€Å"The Birthmark.† As you read, reflect on the ways each depicts characters that are deemed socially unacceptable because of their outward appearances. Please write a comparison/contrast essay of 1000 words or more discussing the questions below. Remember to begin your paper with an engaging introduction and clear thesis statement, develop each point in the body of your paper using examples and quotes from the stories, and conclude your paper with a restatement of your thesis and closing remarks. Also, be sure to maintain your credibility by including in-text citations and a reference list correctly formatted in APA style. Setting: Describe the settings of both pieces and identify how the eras in which they take place—with their distinct societal attitudes and customs—affect the main characters? Characters: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Discuss the young man and his grandfather. Why do we never learn the young man’s name? What do the grandfather’s dying words reveal about him? â€Å"The Birthmark:† Describe the main characters: Aylmer, Georgiana and Aminadab. What is important to each? Point of View: In which point of view (first- or third-person) is each piece told? If the point of view in â€Å"Battle Royal† was changed, would it have made the story more effective, or less so? Symbolism: â€Å"Battle Royal:† Analyze the deeper meaning of the following: the â€Å"battle royal† itself, the naked blonde, and the young man’s dream at the end of the story. â€Å"The Birthmark:† What does Georgiana’s birthmark signify, first to her and then to Aylmer? What does alchemy represent in the story? Themes: What are the main themes/messages of each piece? What, in other words, do you think the authors, Ralph Ellison and Nathaniel Hawthorne, are trying to communicate about life and human nature in their respective stories? Fear: What role does fear play in both pieces? Discrimination: Both stories address physical appearance, specifically one’s  skin, and the way people may discriminate against others because of external characteristics they deem inferior. Compare and contrast how discrimination and prejudice are presented in â€Å"Battle Royal† and â€Å"The Birthmark.† Final Thoughts: Author Tim O’Brien wrote, â€Å"That’s what fiction is for. It’s for getting at the truth when the truth isn’t sufficient for the truth.† Talk about how literature might give us â€Å"truer† insights into the human experience by appealing to our senses, emotions and empathy. Describe a situation in which you or someone you know may have been discriminated against because of appearance, gender, race or another attribute. What did the experience teach you? Please submit your assignment.

The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Essay Example

The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Essay Example The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Paper The Lovely Bones By Alice Sebold English Literature Essay Paper Essay Topic: 6th Grade 8th Grade Love in Excess Alice Sebold was born September 6, 1963, in Madison, Wisconsin, ( 4 ) . She was born to an alcoholic, demented female parent, Jane, who was a journalist, and a male parent who was Spanish professor. She was their 2nd kid, and had an older sister, Mary. Her household moved around a twosome of times because of her pa s occupation and publicities: from Madison, Wisconsin to Rockville, Maryland, and so from at that place to Paoli, Pennsylvania. Sebold was a good pupil, but her older sister was the smarter, straight A pupil. Sebold was a originative individual and loved authorship, among other things. She described herself as, excessively smart, excessively fat, excessively loud, excessively arty, ( 4 ) . She frequently argued with her parents, and was the jokester of the household. She was proud to state, I wanted to be the idiot of the household, because idiots seemed to hold more merriment, more freedom and more personality ( 4 ) . Bing the idiot was her manner to get by life in th e tense family. Sebold was an alienated, anomic 2nd kid. At a immature age, she suffered through many adversities. When her female parent began to imbibe, and became an alky, her sister, Mary, took attention of her. After a clip, Mary began to be embarrassed of her female parent, and did non desire to be seen with her. Subsequently, she stopped taking attention of her, go forthing Sebold to take attention of her herself, and to maintain everything together. Sebold was the one to compensate- comforting her female parent and reprobating her sister ( Glaug, 1 ) . After graduating from Great Valley High School in Malvern, Pennsylvania in 1980, Sebold attended Syracuse University in upstate New York, ( 1 ) . During her first-year twelvemonth in college, at age 18, she was harshly beaten and raped in a hallway that led to a now shut down amphitheater. She so found the adult male subsequently on, and went to tribunal where he was found guilty and given a maximal sentence. Surprisingly, she still decided to go to the same university after the incident, determined to compose out her sorrows and acquire her grade. Sebold struggled in many ways with the colza and the deficiency of support from her parents. She so dropped out and after many events, including working as a waitress and making drugs, such as diacetylmorphine, she decided to compose her first book. Her first book, a novel called Lucky, was a memoir to her colza as a college fresher. It was called so because a bull told her that she was lucky to hold been able to walk out alive, as a piece earlier, a miss had been killed and dismembered in that same tunnel. Sebold so moved to California and attended a university at that place to go on prosecuting her composing calling. There, she met her hubby, the novelist Glen David Gold. Now a successful author herself, Sebold presently lives in California with her hubby. Sebold became really successful after her 2nd book. Her first book, Lucky, was a memoir of her colza. Her 2nd book was what hit the top charts. At first called Monsters, this novel was about a 14 twelvemonth old miss named Susie Salmon who is raped, killed, and so dismembered by her neighbour, Mr. Harvey. The narrative is told from her point of position in Eden, and goes through the events that happen after her decease. Subsequently on, the name was changed, and was published as The Lovely Bones. She besides wrote another book, The Almost Moon. Her books were influence by colza and the force she sees in the universe. The 2nd book is besides influenced by her battles with her female parent. Sebold won the American Booksellers Association Book of the Year Award for Adult Fiction in 2003, ( 1 ) . In add-on, she achieved the Bram Stoker Award for First Novel in 2002. Sebold was nominated in the Novel class in 2002 as good. The Lovely Bones besides became a # 1 National Bestseller. Susie Salmon, a 14 twelvemonth old miss, was murdered on December 6, 1973. Susie, a immature funny miss, was walking place through the corn field one dark when she ran into her older neighbour, Mr. Harvey. He leads her into a manmade room under the Earth in the corn field, and at that place he rapes, putting to deaths, and dismembers her. Susie goes to heaven, where Eden is whatever you want and tantrums to your demands and personality. However, she still yearns for her lost life, and is still attached to life on Earth. As a consequence, Susie goes through her hereafter in her Eden and tickers over her household. She besides learns how the intelligence of her decease spreads and affects her household, those who were near to her, and others around them. As she watches her household header with her decease in different ways, she besides looks into Mr. Harvey s yesteryear, meets some of his other dead victims, and keeps some checks on him. She watches as her household goes through life through the old ages to come, and besides tickers over Ruth, a friend of hers, and Ray, a male child that she had truly liked. Lindsey copes with her sister s decease, and over the old ages, has a fellow named Samuel, who she finally marries in the terminal. Her small brother does non understand things every bit good, and at first, is angry at her for deceasing and go forthing him at that place with Lindsey to cover with the jobs. However, as he grows older, he learns to accept her decease. Her male parent has a harder clip, with the guilt of non being at that place for her pressed on his shoulders. All he sees is Susie and he can hardly populate with himself. He starts to turn further apart from his married woman. He besides, subsequently on, grows clo ser to his other two kids, going really protective. Her female parent likely took Susie s decease the hardest. It knocked her down difficult and made her lose her stableness and saneness. She grew further apart from her hubby and her other kids. She besides commits criminal conversation with the investigator in charge of Susie s instance. Later on, she leaves her household and travels across the state, seeking to get away it all. Ray and Ruth become closer, and Ruth subsequently discovers that she can pass on or see the dead. She subsequently lets Susie into her organic structure and Susie and Ray, via Ruth s organic structure, reunite and do love. After her clip is up, she is taken to Heaven. She is eventually able to allow travel of her connexion to the Earth and her decease. In the terminal, her household became even closer, including her lone life grandma, who was normally excluded. Her female parent comes back every bit good, and everyone, including Ruth and Ray, understand that Susie is genuinely gone and eventually accept her decease. This shows that because Susie was eventually able to break up her connexion to the Earth and accept her decease, she could go forth her Eden to travel to Heaven. Her concluding credence of her decease is what allows her household, friends, and others to eventually allow her travel, retrieve her in memory, and to travel on. This book was banned due to holding expressed stuff. The book opens up with a 14 twelvemonth old miss who gets raped, murdered, and so dismembered. Though this book deals with hope and healing, it is on a deeper degree, ( 5 ) . Younger kids, like fifth and 6th graders, may non hold reached the adulthood degree needed to read and understand this novel. Young grownups and high school teens, for illustration, will understand it better. Some parents are oppugning whether or non it should be available in in-between school libraries, and other schools have either banned it or moved it into a restricted country for staff members. Parents are worried about how their immature teens will grok the book, and if it will do them depressed, scared, or even scarred. For illustration, a parent of a sixth-grade miss at Coleytown Middle School wanted the book removed from the school library because she believed that the novel was, right for an grownup audience, but was non appropriate for a 6th grader ( 3 ) . In add-on, many believe that The Lovely Bones inquiries some facets of faith. For illustration, they believe that the writer s thought of Eden has no God or judgement for those come ining it, ( 5 ) . This raised many inquiries and negative responses to the book, which the writer so replied by stating that that was her manner of seeing things and that everyone interprets things otherwise. The book was besides banned due to maturate subjects, criminal conversation, decease, linguistic communication, and other expressed scenes. I knew he was traveling to kill me. I did non recognize so that I was an carnal already deceasing. Why do nt you acquire up? Mr. Harvey sad as he rolled to the side and so crouched over me. His voice was soft, encouraging, a lover s voice on a late forenoon. A suggestion, non a bid. I could non travel. I could non acquire up. When I would non was it merely that, merely that I would non follow his suggestion? he leaned to the side and felt, over his caput, across the shelf where his razor and shaving pick sat. He brought back a knife. Unsheathed, it smiled at me, swerving up in a smile. He took the chapeau from my oral cavity. State me you love me, he said. Gently, I did. The terminal came anyhow. The Lovely Bones, pgs. 14-15 While Len took her manus and brought her away from the wall into the tangle of pipes where the nose operating expense added its ain chorus, Mr. Harvey began to pack his properties ; my brother met a little miss playing Hula- Hoop n the circle ; my sister and Samuel lay beside each other on her bed, to the full dressed and nervous ; my grandma downed three shootings in the empty dining room. My male parent watched the phoneaˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦ Mr. Harvey left his house for the concluding clip while my female parent was granted her most temporal want. To happen a room access out of her destroyed bosom, in merciful criminal conversation. The Lovely Bones, pgs. 196-197 The Lovely Bones is a good book that shows you a whole new manner to look at life that truly is nt just sometimes. However, it is besides a book of hope and healing and shows how a household is lacerate apart and later brought together once more. This novel is deep and better understood by an grownup or older audience. I understand why it was banned and agree with it. It has many expressed scenes, like the colza, slaying, and dismembering of Susie Salmon, every bit good as her household having the bosom wretching intelligence of her disappearing, and, subsequently on, her decease. The criminal conversation committed by her female parent, the mental instability of her male parent after her decease, and the departure of her female parent may besides non be good understood by a younger audience. This includes some linguistic communication and the sex scenes between Lindsey and Samuel and Susie and Ray, via Ruth s organic structure. Some scenes are a small spot distressing, and others are dejecting, which is why it is non good for younger readers. However, I believe that The Lovely Bones was a good, and deep novel, and Teachs us all many different lessons. I do non believe it should be banned. Alternatively, it should be marked for an older audience so that readers are cognizant of the mature content it contains. In this manner, people may bask this novel and cognize whether or non it is appropriate for their age degree. For illustration, some people believe that 7th and 8th graders should non be allowed to read The Lovely Bones because of its mature content and deep significances. However, some of these younger readers are mature plenty to understand what is go oning in the book. Though it may be good to censor it from certain schools, others should be able to get and bask this novel.

The 2nd Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt

The 2nd Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt The 2nd Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt- another period of de-centralization, like the first- began when the 13th Dynasty pharaohs lost power (after Sobekhotep IV) and Asiatics or Aamu, known as Hyksos, took over. Alternatively, it was when the government center moved to Thebes following Merneferra Ay (c. 1695-1685). The 2nd Intermediate Period ended when an Egyptian monarch from Thebes, Ahmose, having driven the Hyksos from Avaris into Palestine, reunified Egypt, and established the 18th Dynasty, the start of the period known as the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.  The 2nd Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt occurred in c. 1786-1550 or 1650-1550. There were three centers in Egypt during the second intermediate period: Itjtawy, south of Memphis (abandoned after 1685)Avaris (Tell el-Daba), in the eastern Nile DeltaThebes, Upper Egypt. Avaris, the Capital of the Hyksos There is evidence of a community of Asiatics in Avaris from the 13th Dynasty. The oldest settlement there may have been built to defend the eastern border. Contrary to Egyptian custom, area tombs were not in cemeteries beyond the residential area and the houses followed Syrian patterns. Pottery and weapons were also different from the traditional Egyptian forms. The culture was mixed Egyptian and Syrio-Palestinian. At its largest, Avaris was about 4 square kilometers. Kings claimed to rule Upper and Lower Egypt but its southern border was at Cusae. Seth was the local god, while Amun was the local god at Thebes. Rulers Based at Avaris The names of the rulers of Dynasties 14 and 15 were based in Avaris. Nehesy was an important 14th-century Nubian or Egyptian who ruled from Avaris. Aauserra Apepi ruled c.1555 B.C. Scribal tradition flourished under him and the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus was copied. Two Theban kings led campaigns against him. Cusae and Kerma Cusae is about 40 km south of the Middle Kingdoms administrative center at Hermopolis. During the 2nd Intermediate Period, travelers from the south had to pay a tax to Avaris to travel the Nile north of Cusae. However, the king of Avaris was allied with the king of Kush and so Lower Egypt and Nubia maintained trade and contact via an alternate, oasis route. Kerma was the capital of Kush, which was at its most powerful in this period. They also traded with Thebes and some Kerma Nubians fought in Kamoses army. Thebes At least one of the 16th Dynastic  kings, Iykhernefert Neferhotep, and probably more, ruled from Thebes. Neferhotep commanded the army, but it is unknown whom he fought. Nine kings of the 17th Dynasty also ruled from Thebes. The War ofAvaris and Thebes Theban king Seqenenra (​also spelled Senakhtenra) Taa quarreled with Apepi and fighting ensued. War lasted more than 30 years beginning under Seqenenra and continuing with Kamose after Seqenenra was slain with a non-Egyptian weapon. Kamose- who was likely Ahmoses elder brother- took over the fight against Aauserra Pepi. He sacked Nefrusi, north of Cusae. His gains didnt last and Ahmose had to fight against Aauserra Pepis successor, Khamudi. Ahmose sacked Avaris, but we dont know whether he slaughtered the Hyksos or evicted them. He then led campaigns to Palestine and Nubia, restoring Egyptian control of Buhen. Sources The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000. Stephen G. J. Quirke Second Intermediate Period The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. OUP 2001.

Authoritarianism in the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Authoritarianism in the Middle East - Essay Example By disguising to advocate Islamic teachings, the royal family tends to justify monopolization of power that promotes authoritarianism. Islam, therefore, is an obstacle to transition from authoritarianism to democracy in the Middle East3. Further, Middle East states lack the prerequisites to enforce the principles of democratization. Lack of a strong civil society, a market driven economy, low income among a great part of the population, and literacy levels and regressive culture contribute to derail development of democratization in the Middle East4. External powers play a fundamental role in instilling ideal and democratic governance in the Middle East5. Strategic guidance and control of the Middle East states by the external powers steers is a key input to help them in the constituting democratic rules and institutions. In addition, external powers precipitate in promoting investments and economic growth needed to expand all the middle class or citizens in the Middle East to enhance economic and social independence that are a prerequisite for democratization. In the process of expansion, external powers increase regime legitimacy and dampening Islamic radicalization. The strategies aid in steering further

Literature review of peer article review and questions Assignment

Literature review of peer article review and questions - Assignment Example As a result of this, it forms a basic need for the economic costs that diabetes imparts on the labor market to be quantified adequately. According to the study on the diabetes prevalence, it was found that almost one adult in every three have diabetes and this affects the productivity in absolute. By researching on this area, there are innumerable advantages that America will gain. First of all, the policy makers will be adequately informed such that they can come up with the proper regulations which can be effectively used to reduce the prevalence of diabetes and the burden that it imposes on the Country. All in all, this field needs extensive research to be conducted. This will not only help the government in the reduction of the costs incurred on drugs, but also improve the labor market in the country by ensuring that the working population of the country is in good health thus improving the productivity. This research will majorly affect the working population. Most of the persons in the working population are between the ages of 19 years and 55 years. The choice of this age bracket is inspired by various statistical evidences. According to a report by the National Diabetes Statistics report of 2014, there was an increased in the number of cases of pre-diabetes in young Americans aged twenty and older by a worrying 7 million from 79 million in 2010 to 86 million in 2012 (National Diabetes Org, 2014) . With the increasing cases of diabetes diagnosis every year, it is important that these people be evaluated with much more seriousness so as to reduce the significant effect that the diabetes is having on the working class in America. Most of the persons within the ages are in their reproductive ages, especially women. According to Healthline, there is increased risk of women who become pregnant to develop diabetes

The American Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The American Constitution - Essay Example It is undeniable that the development of American statutory ideas after the Upheaval shows a steady evolution from English thoughts. It is worth noting that the constitution is not perfect and therefore it includes a lot of concession amongst people. The constitution was not a complete achievement as it may be perceived due to the many defects associated with it. Fascinatingly when the constitutional deal was reached there was nearly no American in the political scene that raised the issue about the significance of harmonizing the three divisions of government. None of the Americans defended liberty and fairness as applied in other constitutions such as in England and Rome. The people opposed to the constitution argued that perhaps the checks and balances were not adequate enough to protect the citizens of this great nation. It was evident that the chief issue was not concerned with the appeal or perhaps the correct organization of the republican liberty and the government. The main worrying matter was how to unify the many republics of U.S. Many people believed that power may remain within the states and that the Congress would not have much power. It was clear that if the U.S was to remain a united country where the Congress has actual power then Republicans may want an entirely established body. Since the constitution is already in force and supports adoption of republican form of government by deriving their power on the approval and consensus of the citizens of America (Vile 2010, 25-38). Republicanism has played a major part in the American constitution since its revolution by emphasizing on liberty and irrefutable rights as the key values. Republicanism considered only sovereignty of the people and the fact that the people of America should be independent in their duties. Republicanism recognized that people actually had rights that could not be done away with and the need to do away with some social crimes such as corruption and greed. The citizens were considered very important and therefore they required a high level of representation and these Republican values were regarded as useful in the constitution. The heroes argued that Republicanism was very vital as far as the liberty of the people was concerned and therefore it would really liberate the Americans. However, there was no balance between republicanism principles and the democratic principles because republicanism insisted on liberty for all instead of addressing the issue of liberty to the majority people. Although the republicanism constitution successfully did away with the monarchy, there was no complete democracy for all (Bernstein 2009, 168-175). Moreover, the very people who were said to be capable of voting were denied this important right especially the blacks, the illiterate group and the female adults. Citizens did not have the so-called real property could not vote thus making the constitution very much undemocratic. The issue of unfairness in the constitutio n cannot be left untouched while looking at the incidents or the aftermath of approval of the Constitution. People were not permitted to make amendments of the constitution unswervingly unless through elected officials who did not have the people’s interest in their hearts (Vile 2010, 25-38).  

Pearl Harbor Essay Example for Free

Pearl Harbor Essay Though the attack was focused on Pearl Harbor a Japanese fighter plane crashed on the island of Niihau. The Niihau Incident (or Battle of Niihau) occurred on December 7, 1941, when a Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi, crash-landed on the island of Niihau after participating in the attack on Pearl Harbor. He crashed 19 feet from where Hawila Kaleohano, a native, was standing. Unaware of the current attack on Pearl Harbor but knowing the US had bad blood with Japan, Kaleohano seized the opportunity of taking the pilots papers and pistol while the pilot was still incapacitated. In Hawaiian tradition, Nishikaichi was later treated with the upmost respect. Since his English was limited the Hawaiian natives could not understand him so they sent a Japanese born man who only exchanged a few words with Nishikaichi, seemingly disturbed the first interpreter walked away. The second interpreter, Yoshio Harada, undisturbed listened to what the pilot had to say and decided to take up arms with him. Some days later on Saturday, December 13, Harada and Nishikaichi captured Ben Kanahele and his wife, Ella Kanahele. They ordered Kanahele to find Kaleohano, keeping Ella as a hostage. Kanahele knew that Kaleohano was rowing toward Kauai, but made a charade of looking for him. He soon became concerned about Ella and returned to her. Harada told Kanahele that the pilot would kill him and everyone in the village if Kaleohano was not found. Kanahele, noticing the fatigue and discouragement of his two captors, took advantage of the brief distraction as the pilot handed the shotgun to Harada. He and his wife leapt at the pilot. Nishikaichi pulled his pistol out of his boot. Ella Kanahele grabbed his arm and brought it down. Harada pulled her off the pilot, who then shot Ben Kanahele three times: in the groin, stomach, and upper leg. Ben Kanahele then picked Nishikaichi up hurling him into a stone wall. Ella Kanahele then bashed him in the head with a rock, and Ben slit his throat with his hunting knife. Harada then turned the shotgun on himself, committing suicide. Ben Kanahele was taken to Waimea Hospital on Kaua? i to recuperate; he was awarded with the Medal for Merit and the Purple Heart, but his wife, Ella, did not receive any official recognition. The news of the attacks did not travel fast to the other islands, as technology there was very limited especially on the smaller islands. Charles Owens, living on the island of Maui during the attacks, says â€Å"I didn’t hear of the attacks immediately, I only heard of them a while after, I didn’t really know what to think. How could something so big go without us hearing about it until days after, so that was kind of messed up. † Back on Oahu, the two hour attack was straining on. Their first order of business to blow away all aircraft to eliminate the possibilities of a counter-attack. They bombed all the plans that were sitting wingtip to wing tip also bombing mess halls and killing hundreds of unsuspecting people. Some US pilots were able to get their planes off the ground but once they reached the skies they realized how outnumbered they were, still they fought for their country and fired as best they could. Since the Japanese finished bombing their intended targets of aircraft carriers; they went to their next chief target, the battleships. The eight battleships were all hit, the USS Nevada, Tennessee, California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Maryland, West Virginia, and by far the worst loss the USS Arizona. The battleship row was destroyed. The people on them were quick to react and fought hard, but the ruthless Japanese bombed the ships into oblivion. The Japanese were sending America a message, that they were the superiors and were ready to destroy America along with the rest of the world with its Axis power allies. The Japanese had also launched out five midget submarines, these could only hold a two man crew, but they were all sunk at the beginning of the battle by the US pacific fleet. At 9:45 a. m. he Japanese felt that their mission was complete. They returned back to their air craft carriers feeling pride in destroying copious amounts of people’s lives and completely taking away others. The total death count for them was 78, a death count which paled in comparison of the almost 4,000 US lives lost. The military people of Hawaii fought long and hard to save their home but little could be done since it was a surprise and they didn’t have any proper time to react. Thi s day would mark a turn in history. This day would be a day that was often thought of in war, a day that was a reminder of what the soldiers of America were fighting for. This was the day that pushed America into World War II with a fighting vengeance. A saying often used in newspapers was â€Å"Remember Pearl Harbor. Work. Fight. Sacrifice!! We’ll remember and by God, you WON’T forget! †The day following the attack, President Roosevelt addressed the congress and asked for a declaration on war against Japan and he got it, marking the day the US officially became a part of World War II. In Hawaii, on the 16th of December, Adm.  Kimmel and Gen. Short were stripped of their commands and in 1942 they were found guilty of neglect of duty and held exclusively responsible for the catastrophe that was Pearl Harbor by the Roberts Commission. Later in October of 1944 Kimmel and Short were found not guilty due to a Naval Court thinking they acted appropriately to the situation with the knowledge they had received. This was later overruled by the Chief of Naval Operations, claiming if Kimmel had done aerial reconnaissance he may have found the Japanese fleet located a mere 250 miles off Hawaii. In decmeber of 1955 a Defense Department investigation reveals others share responsibility with Kimmel and Short but does not divulge the information on whom these ‘others’ are. It was not until the year 2000 that an amendment to the Defense Appropriations Act found Kimmel and Short performed to the best of their abilities in the situation that they were given and their ranking was restored. February 19, 142, executive order 9066 was signed; this was the order that called for the internment of all Japanese Americans living on the west coast during World War II. Ironically no Japanese-Americans were taken from Hawaii. It was strange to most people in Hawaii, like Bernadine and Charles, that people uninvolved were being punished. Why America would be fighting for equality and against oppression when it was so willing to oppress their own brethren? It boggled the minds of the still young Bernadine and Charles who still could not fully comprehend what the attacks had done. The internment camps were horrible, the conditions were poor, the food was rationed and below nutritional. The children in the internment camps went to school and the thought of patriotism was pushed deep into their minds. The adults could work for 5 dollars a day or were given the option of joining the army. The latter option was not popular as many no longer felt they wanted to die for their country. Internment camps were looked at as a wartime necessity. Many Americans were plagued with a fear of a second attack or the Japanese working from the inside out to destroy them. This was and would become a continual theme in American history of oppressing people because of the fear of a possibility. It wasn’t until 1988 that congress tried to financially apologize to the Japanese-Americans that were affected by the internment camps by granting them each 20,000 dollars. Thought the camps never reached the atrocities preformed in Nazi death camps in World War II, they still left a scar on American history. In whole the attacks on Pearl Harbor caused the death of 3,500 American citizens, the destruction of 18 ships (including all 8 of the fleet), and 350 destroyed aircrafts. The only thing sparred that day were the air craft carriers.

I Went to College :: Personal Narrative Essays

Narrative - I Went to College "Well, wish her good luck for me." I said. "Oh. It's none of it luck. She's got the Lord's blessing, and she's all right with that. There's no luck involved." I muttered a reply and walked away. Grandmothers. You just can't say anything to shake their confidence in their grandchildren. This one was trying to get to band camp by selling her artwork. It was clearly work by a fourteen-year-old, but it showed talent and promise. At five dollars a print, it wasn't too expensive. Of course, I can get a print of Escher for five dollars. She clearly likes flowers, that's for sure. She must have painted these in art class; there is a definite progression in her skill. The lumpily-colored frog looks pretty sad, but the lighthouse painting displays detail and careful effort in the lighting. Oh. there's her picture. Nice smile. This average-looking fourteen year old girl expects to pay for band camp by selling five dollar prints of amateur artwork. Wow. They were out of prints of several paintings already. If I wanted one that wasn't in the box, I could special order one. Five dollars. She plays multiple band instruments, with names Grandma doesn't remember. Talent and promise. I know what those are. I once showed talent and promise, back when I was fourteen. I played the trumpet, but I never went to band camp. I was too busy cultivating my stage magic and juggling skills, showing first hints of competence in computer programming, and letting go of my obesity through rigorous physical exercise. I wonder what my Grandma said back then. There was a time that I said "opportunity is my currency." Although I started out at a hardware store, I picked up a few programming jobs, started an Internet publication, and began and independent consultant programming job. Talent was my middle name, and Promise was the name of the pen I signed it with. I was going to live comfortably, maybe even have enough money to help my brother out; his medical costs are very high. I joined a local community band. She wants to become a forensic scientist. There you go, folks. Kids watch a television show about forensic scientists, and suddenly everyone wants to lead the exciting life of sorting through the physical remains of dead people and writing reports about it. On the other hand, maybe she can use her future skills to figure out what ever happened to me; by the time she graduates, I might well be dead.

Country Review: China Essay

The year 2008 has been a colorful year for China, with a lot of events to highlight the country all year round. The Olympic Games was one of its most successful endeavors for the year. But the country also had its share of controversies this year, like issues on food contamination and many more. Before the Olympic Games kicked off, one of the issues being discussed was the quality of China’s air. It is very important since the Olympic Games is a major sports event. In an article from BBC News, China has confirmed that the air quality of the host city Beijing has been good (Bristow). The pollution level of the area was able to meet the expected standards on every day that the event and this is the output of extensive measures done in order to reduce the emissions during the Olympic Games. Another historic event for China was the country’s first successful spacewalk, which was a part of a 68-hour voyage in space. All three astronauts successfully returned to the Beijing Aerospace Center after their three day mission in outer space(Yinan). China was the third country to conduct a spacewalk, behind the United States of America and Russia. The crew of Shenzhou VII safely landed in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, marking the end of their space escapade which has started on September 25, 2008. In relation to the two previous news articles, China had enough reason to celebrate its National Day last Monday because of their hosting of the Olympic Games in Beijing and the country’s first ever spacewalk. In a Yahoo! News article, China highlighted on these two events as their biggest triumphs for the year, despite other issues like natural calamities, ethnic problems, and food safety scandals (Chang). In Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao’s address, he touched lightly on the calamities and problems but gave focus on China’s ability to take care of all these issues. The 59th founding anniversary of the People’s Republic of China is this coming Wednesday, and it would also mark thirty years of economic reforms, turning the country into one of the world’s largest factory floors. One of the calamities that shook China this year was a 7. 8 magnitude earthquake last August 12. In a BBC News article, it was reported that almost 900 students are buried in a school building that collapsed when it was hit by the killer quake (BBC News â€Å"‘Hundreds Buried’ by China Quake†). The quake hit Sichuan province’s capital Chengdu, claiming hundreds of lives instantly. The rubbles of the Juyuan Middle School’s building buried a lot of teenagers, some of which are still alive and desperately crying for help. President Hu Jintao immediately ordered an all out effort to help and rescue the victims of the killer earthquake. In another BBC News article dated August 10, 2008, seven militants and a security guard immediately died after a series of bombings hit west China, specifically in the northwest area of the Xinjiang region (BBC News â€Å"Deadly Violence Hits West China â€Å"). These acts of violence targeted a police station and other populated areas. Xinjiang has a large population of Muslim Uighurs, and some of them are separatists, fighting for independence and waging low level campaigns against the Chinese rule for several years already. In the aspect of foreign affairs, China also had its share of problems. In a Yahoo! News article dated September 29, Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jabao said that there is a need for more negotiation regarding Iran’s nuclear program, rather than pressuring them more (Yahoo! News). He regarded that major powers like China should focus more on pursuing peaceful talks to countries such as Iran, rather than resorting to the use of force and intimidation. He is more focused on the resolution of the problem in a peaceful way, rather than being rash and using force, which would just heighten the tensions between the countries. According to the Prime Minister, Iran has the right to develop and utilize nuclear energy under the norms set by the international community, as long as they don’t build weapons of mass destruction like atomic bombs. The Prime Minister also suggested that these actions should be under close observation by the UN’s atomic watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency. China was also affected by the increasing oil prices. In a BBC News article, China’s trade surplus was greatly affected by the increasing oil costs, wherein it fell 10% in May (BBC News â€Å"Oil Costs Hit China Trade Surplus†). The main reason for this is the drastic increase in the cost of imported energy such as oil, and other raw materials being used by the country. However, reports showed that despite Chinas surplus is slowed, it still remains high compared to other countries. This is a manifestation of Chinese economy’s resilience despite some slowdowns in other countries like the United States. Experts said that export components were expected to slow down throughout the year because of the increasing cost of oil, but so far China has been doing well. In the Health aspect China has experienced several problems throughout the year. In a Los Angeles Times article dated May 4, 2008, China issues a virus alert after 23 people were killed and left 4,000 others sick (Demick). The Chinese Health Ministry issued a nationwide alert so that people would be informed and to fend off the possibility of a cover-up. The cause of the problem was the Enterovirus-71, which has also claimed lives in neighboring countries like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Vietnam. This virus is a perennial case in Asia, especially in the hot and humid summer months. More deaths are expected, as the disease usually peaks in the Months of June and July, as the Health Ministry warned. This has caused a lot of people to be cautious, wherein very few children or infants are seen on the streets, and even adults are even afraid to go out of their houses as they greatly fear the killer disease. The virus is characterized by occurrence of fever, and the development of sores in the mouth and facial area, and with blistery rashes. According to the World Health Organization, most cases are not fatal, as long as the people maintain a good hygiene. One of the most controversial issues faced by China this year was substandard food and other products that they import. In an article in The Guardian, dated April 22, 2008, China issues jail threat in their new food safety law (Branigan). This newly drafted law states that the manufacturers who produce food items which are substandard could be facing a life behind bars if proven guilty. This is the government’s response to allegations that the country is lenient in the aspect of food safety, that’s why producers would often take advantage of the situation and produce fake baby formula, drugs, and even toys with dangerous materials. This law would encompass not only food products but also cosmetics in order for them to boost the confidence of domestic consumers. The latest of China’s substandard products scandals was the discovery of melamine in various food items, especially in milk products. Melamine is a binding agent for boards and fibers, and is also an ingredient in making fertilizers. In an article in the M&C Health News dated September 19, 2008, Chinese health inspectors found melamine in fresh milk of three leading manufacturers in the country (M&C Health News). This testing and inspection was a government response to the contaminated milk scandal which has claimed the lives of several infants in the previous days. This has lead to nationwide inspection of milk and milk products, and many companies have already ordered a recall for their products in the world market. Works Cited: BBC News. â€Å"Deadly Violence Hits West China â€Å". 2008. BBC News. September 30 2008. . —. â€Å"‘Hundreds Buried’ by China Quake†. 2008. BBC News. September 30 2008. . —. â€Å"Oil Costs Hit China Trade Surplus†. 2008. BBC News. September 30 2008. . Branigan, Tania. â€Å"China Issues Jail Threat in New Food Safety Law†. 2008. The Guardian. September 30 2008. . Bristow, Michael. â€Å"China Jumps Olympics Air Hurdle â€Å". 2008. BBC News. September 30 2008. . Chang, Anita. â€Å"China Marks Olympics, Spacewalk for National Day†. Yahoo! News. September 30 2008. . Demick, Barbara. â€Å"China Issues Virus Alert after 23 Die†. 2008. Los Angeles Times. September 30 2008. . M&C Health News. â€Å"China’s Melamine Scandal Spreads to Fresh Milk â€Å". 2008. Monsters and Critics. September 30 2008. . Yahoo! News. â€Å"Dispute over Iran Requires More Negotiations: Chinese Pm†. 2008. Yahoo! News. September 30 2008. . Yinan, Hu. â€Å"Space Heroes Get a Rapturous Welcome†. 2008. China Daily. September 30 2008. .

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay

America and its allies face Ð ° world that has become more and more dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and Ð ° shadowy world of terrorists more than willing to use them. The wisdom of the past does not have the prescience or universal insight to deal with this new threat. America and its allies must change direction if they wish to respond to the challenge in an effective manner, even if it means employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The state is called to protect its citizens in Ð ° Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise. The church is called to submit to the superior wisdom of those who have the special intelligence, experience and expertise to handle the current crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to settle in Ð ° wilderness that was not always hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was uppermost on all their minds. The settlement in Jamestown, after the death of Powhatan, suffered an unprovoked attack at the hands of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred. The immediate response was to make Ð ° perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by burning their crops late that summer. It was Ð ° matter of survival. It was either ‘us or them’. (Amit 2003 127) â€Å"The same policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, Ð ° most war-like people, presented an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. Rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, killing in one horrific conflagration of Ð ° Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children. The exact motives behind the massacre remain unclear, but no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. Today the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in many ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one can debate whether the times have ‘waxed worse and worse’, but it is beyond question that the times have proved ‘more and more critical’ with their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the ever-increasing number of potential users. The nation of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted Ð ° pre-emptive strike against an Iraqi nuclear reactor. The United States roundly condemned the action at the time, but with the threat now facing them from this and other rogue nations Ð ° new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime are apparent to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the production of WMD and deliver these weapons themselves or distribute them through the shadowy world of terrorist networks to designated targets in this clandestine manner. The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has violated over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working on Ð ° stockpile of WMD—chemical, biological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them access to his supply. He already has used these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on Ð ° number of occasions to bring destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush. He has subsidized and continues to support terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad according to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is Ð ° matter of grave concern. â€Å"(Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides Ð ° special channel to deliver and promote his wicked designs, Bin Laden has called it Ð ° ‘religious duty’ for his minions to obtain and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help. It is only in the movies that Dr No is able to create the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the real world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weapons requires the help of Ð ° government. Aum Shinrikyo, Ð ° Japanese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with Ð ° potent nerve agent but managed to kill only Ð ° dozen after spending somewhere around thirty million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less than expected and displayed the complexity of operations using these agents. The cult was not able to produce the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using Ð ° most primitive delivery system—carrying it on Ð ° train and piercing bags of it with tips of umbrellas. Ð  government working with Ð ° terrorist organization would produce Ð ° more lethal combination. 3 In light of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to eliminate the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. But one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track record of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors? It did not the first time around, not in toto, would the UN impose the necessary sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore certain closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play Ð ° shell game and was given four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donne’s fatalistic maxim succinctly defines the essential context that modern intelligence services function within, and the variables determining their relative fortunes. Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions largely shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to mention misfortune and luck. As refined information used by the state to further national goals and policies, intelligence is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the ‘intelligence cycle’) within the milieu of international politics. Intelligence work must therefore function within the ‘anarchical society’ of Great Powers. 1 Equally significant is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters. The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the ‘desperate men’ in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or problematic duties in the face of inertia and outright opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unlikely that any intelligence service in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to such restrictive bondage. â€Å"As mentioned in the previous chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be Ð ° deliberate broad-front attack. It is already that in practice, but the rationale for sustaining this approach is less established and troubles are certain because such Ð ° strategy requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of capability which may at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. â€Å"(Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly true for the office of Strategic Services mission in London, America’s critical liaison and operational intelligence outpost during the Second World War. Expanding to Ð ° peak of 2,800 personnel in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the arrival of Ð ° single representative, followed by Ð ° staff nucleus the day after America’s entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four major OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as Ð ° focal point for Anglo-American intelligence relations in the decisive theatre in the war against Germany. The London mission was at the heart of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. The Allied invasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform Ð ° decisive role in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would also make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy; but these were ultimately secondary theatres, while in the Pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations. London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American alliance itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet Union have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the ‘big league’ in Allied intelligence during the war. Many significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering detailed examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London therefore illuminate the process by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestine work, and how well American intelligence performed in its own right. As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites study in order to understand the antecedents of America’s Cold War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the evolution of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American ‘Special Relationship’ had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides Ð ° case study of how US intelligence matured and became institutionalized within the context of the larger Anglo-American political-military alliance. This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not yet been explored in any comprehensive detail. It is part of Ð ° current historiographical review of the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It specifically examines OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the evolution of both modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War. The general research approach blends what has been termed the American and British ‘schools’ of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godson’s ‘Intelligence: an American View’, in Robertson’s British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes between this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kent’s Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy). British diplomatic historian D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though Ð ° recent noteworthy British contribution to the theoretical school is Michael Herman’s Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which surveys the interrelationship between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the larger wartime Anglo-American alliance. (Neville 2004 45) The second general purpose involves judging the relevance and professionalization of the OSS intelligence effort within the Anglo-American alliance, much of the existing literature on OSS has been preoccupied with the question of whether OSS had an impact on the war, of whether it accomplished anything of consequence. This very concern dominated the first ever OSS conference held at the US National Archives in July 1991. (Paul 2001 38-77) There has moreover been Ð ° number of recent works beginning to examine the documentation on the OSS operational record in various geographic areas, such as Romania and China. 7 Richard Aldrich has gone Ð ° considerable way toward surveying OSS links and rivalries with British intelligence in the Far East. 8 Particularly noteworthy in terms of this present study is Jay Jakub’s recent Spies and Saboteurs, Ð ° survey of Anglo-American ‘collaboration and rivalry’ in espionage and special operations in North Africa, Yugoslavia, Asia, and France. Jakub focuses on identifying varying degrees of mutual dependence and independence in these specific operational realms, and is Ð ° more substantially documented approach to the operational evolution of OSS, including within OSS/London. Having said that, no existing work on OSS has really addressed the experience of any OSS mission in terms of the trend identified by Andrew and Dilks, or provided Ð ° comprehensive analysis of all the major OSS branches in their activities. The question of overall OSS significance to the war effort also remains largely unresolved historiographically. This present study therefore strives to detail OSS/London’s evolution and activities comprehensively, and to establish their larger significance to the institutionalization of American intelligence after the war. The third major research goal flows naturally from the second: to illuminate this alliance intelligence relationship within the larger framework of Anglo-American ‘competitive cooperation’. This phrase was coined by David Reynolds to describe how Britain and America acted in concert as circumstances required, while still maneuvering for advantage and preeminence as powers. Linking this phenomenon with the ambiguity, ambivalence, misuse and circumstance inherent in intelligence operations as suggested by intelligence theory invites an analysis of the intelligence relations between two major wartime powers, or more bluntly, to place this intelligence study within the context of Great Power politics. (Anthony 2002 122-56)